dying·humanity
EVIDENCE LIVE FEED
2026-05-20Carbon Brief12-month global temperature anomaly stays above 1.55°C for the third consecutive year.·2026-02-05FASNew START Treaty officially expires with no successor agreement; nuclear-arms-control architecture collapses.·2025-12-04ReutersEuropean far-right gains in multiple national elections; centrist coalitions struggle to form.·2025-11-12ReutersWhite-collar AI layoffs accelerate across legal, marketing, and customer-support sectors.·2025-10-30WHOWHO: adolescent mental-health diagnoses up sharply versus pre-pandemic baseline.·2025-09-15LancetLancet study: indirect death toll from Gaza war likely exceeds 186,000.·2025-07-22CopernicusEurope shatters multiple national heat records in July heatwave; 50°C hit in parts of the south.·2025-06-22CNNUS bombs Iranian nuclear facilities at Fordow, Natanz, and Isfahan during '12-day war.'·2025-06-13ReutersIsrael launches large-scale strikes on Iranian nuclear and command targets.·2025-04-30BBCIndia and Pakistan exchange strikes after Pahalgam attack in Kashmir.·2025-04-02ReutersTrump announces sweeping 'reciprocal' tariffs; global markets sell off hard.·2025-02-06ReutersTrump pauses most USAID funding; foreign-aid programs and partners scramble.·2025-01-20ReutersTrump returns to the White House; day-one executive orders on tariffs, deportations, climate, and TikTok.·2024-12-08ReutersBashar al-Assad regime falls in Syria after 53 years; rebels enter Damascus.·2024-11-21Al JazeeraICC issues arrest warrant for Netanyahu over Gaza war crimes allegations.·2024-11-05APDonald Trump wins second term; Republicans take both chambers of Congress.·2024-09-27ReutersIsraeli airstrike kills Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah in Beirut.·2024-09-17ReutersCoordinated pager attacks in Lebanon kill dozens and wound thousands attributed to Hezbollah.·2026-05-20Carbon Brief12-month global temperature anomaly stays above 1.55°C for the third consecutive year.·2026-02-05FASNew START Treaty officially expires with no successor agreement; nuclear-arms-control architecture collapses.·2025-12-04ReutersEuropean far-right gains in multiple national elections; centrist coalitions struggle to form.·2025-11-12ReutersWhite-collar AI layoffs accelerate across legal, marketing, and customer-support sectors.·2025-10-30WHOWHO: adolescent mental-health diagnoses up sharply versus pre-pandemic baseline.·2025-09-15LancetLancet study: indirect death toll from Gaza war likely exceeds 186,000.·2025-07-22CopernicusEurope shatters multiple national heat records in July heatwave; 50°C hit in parts of the south.·2025-06-22CNNUS bombs Iranian nuclear facilities at Fordow, Natanz, and Isfahan during '12-day war.'·2025-06-13ReutersIsrael launches large-scale strikes on Iranian nuclear and command targets.·2025-04-30BBCIndia and Pakistan exchange strikes after Pahalgam attack in Kashmir.·2025-04-02ReutersTrump announces sweeping 'reciprocal' tariffs; global markets sell off hard.·2025-02-06ReutersTrump pauses most USAID funding; foreign-aid programs and partners scramble.·2025-01-20ReutersTrump returns to the White House; day-one executive orders on tariffs, deportations, climate, and TikTok.·2024-12-08ReutersBashar al-Assad regime falls in Syria after 53 years; rebels enter Damascus.·2024-11-21Al JazeeraICC issues arrest warrant for Netanyahu over Gaza war crimes allegations.·2024-11-05APDonald Trump wins second term; Republicans take both chambers of Congress.·2024-09-27ReutersIsraeli airstrike kills Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah in Beirut.·2024-09-17ReutersCoordinated pager attacks in Lebanon kill dozens and wound thousands attributed to Hezbollah.·
2024-08-24FTPavel Durov arrested in France; Telegram free-speech and crime debate erupts.·2024-08-04ReutersOpenAI o1 'reasoning' model debuts; cost of intelligent compute keeps falling.·2024-07-13ReutersTrump shot at Pennsylvania rally; survives.·2024-05-30ReutersDonald Trump becomes first US former president convicted of a felony.·2024-04-13BBCIran launches its first-ever direct strike on Israel: 300+ missiles and drones.·2024-02-16ReutersAlexei Navalny dies in Russian Arctic penal colony.·2024-01-26APICJ orders Israel to prevent genocidal acts in Gaza; genocide case proceeds.·2024-01-09ReutersHouthi attacks on Red Sea shipping force major carriers to reroute around Africa.·2023-12-12ReutersCOP28 ends with first-ever call for the world to 'transition away from fossil fuels.'·2023-11-15UN OCHAGaza death toll passes 11,000; UN warns of famine and collapse of medical system.·2023-10-07ReutersHamas attacks southern Israel; 1,195 killed and 251 hostages taken.·2023-09-08CopernicusEarth surpasses 1.5°C above pre-industrial averaged over 12 months for the first time.·2023-08-23ReutersYevgeny Prigozhin killed in a plane crash north of Moscow.·2023-08-08APMaui wildfires destroy historic Lahaina and kill at least 100.·2023-06-23FTWagner Group mutiny; Prigozhin's column marches on Moscow, then turns back.·2023-05-05WHOWHO declares the end of the COVID-19 global health emergency.·2023-03-22WMOAtmospheric CO₂ breaks 420 ppm for the first time in 4 million years.·2023-02-06ReutersEarthquake in Türkiye and Syria kills more than 59,000.·2022-11-30ReutersOpenAI launches ChatGPT to the public; mass-market generative AI begins.·2022-10-27ReutersElon Musk completes Twitter takeover; mass layoffs and policy reversals follow.·2024-08-24FTPavel Durov arrested in France; Telegram free-speech and crime debate erupts.·2024-08-04ReutersOpenAI o1 'reasoning' model debuts; cost of intelligent compute keeps falling.·2024-07-13ReutersTrump shot at Pennsylvania rally; survives.·2024-05-30ReutersDonald Trump becomes first US former president convicted of a felony.·2024-04-13BBCIran launches its first-ever direct strike on Israel: 300+ missiles and drones.·2024-02-16ReutersAlexei Navalny dies in Russian Arctic penal colony.·2024-01-26APICJ orders Israel to prevent genocidal acts in Gaza; genocide case proceeds.·2024-01-09ReutersHouthi attacks on Red Sea shipping force major carriers to reroute around Africa.·2023-12-12ReutersCOP28 ends with first-ever call for the world to 'transition away from fossil fuels.'·2023-11-15UN OCHAGaza death toll passes 11,000; UN warns of famine and collapse of medical system.·2023-10-07ReutersHamas attacks southern Israel; 1,195 killed and 251 hostages taken.·2023-09-08CopernicusEarth surpasses 1.5°C above pre-industrial averaged over 12 months for the first time.·2023-08-23ReutersYevgeny Prigozhin killed in a plane crash north of Moscow.·2023-08-08APMaui wildfires destroy historic Lahaina and kill at least 100.·2023-06-23FTWagner Group mutiny; Prigozhin's column marches on Moscow, then turns back.·2023-05-05WHOWHO declares the end of the COVID-19 global health emergency.·2023-03-22WMOAtmospheric CO₂ breaks 420 ppm for the first time in 4 million years.·2023-02-06ReutersEarthquake in Türkiye and Syria kills more than 59,000.·2022-11-30ReutersOpenAI launches ChatGPT to the public; mass-market generative AI begins.·2022-10-27ReutersElon Musk completes Twitter takeover; mass layoffs and policy reversals follow.·
2026-05-20Carbon Brief12-month global temperature anomaly stays above 1.55°C for the third consecutive year.·2026-02-05FASNew START Treaty officially expires with no successor agreement; nuclear-arms-control architecture collapses.·2025-12-04ReutersEuropean far-right gains in multiple national elections; centrist coalitions struggle to form.·2025-11-12ReutersWhite-collar AI layoffs accelerate across legal, marketing, and customer-support sectors.·2025-10-30WHOWHO: adolescent mental-health diagnoses up sharply versus pre-pandemic baseline.·2025-09-15LancetLancet study: indirect death toll from Gaza war likely exceeds 186,000.·2025-07-22CopernicusEurope shatters multiple national heat records in July heatwave; 50°C hit in parts of the south.·2025-06-22CNNUS bombs Iranian nuclear facilities at Fordow, Natanz, and Isfahan during '12-day war.'·2025-06-13ReutersIsrael launches large-scale strikes on Iranian nuclear and command targets.·2025-04-30BBCIndia and Pakistan exchange strikes after Pahalgam attack in Kashmir.·2025-04-02ReutersTrump announces sweeping 'reciprocal' tariffs; global markets sell off hard.·2025-02-06ReutersTrump pauses most USAID funding; foreign-aid programs and partners scramble.·2025-01-20ReutersTrump returns to the White House; day-one executive orders on tariffs, deportations, climate, and TikTok.·2024-12-08ReutersBashar al-Assad regime falls in Syria after 53 years; rebels enter Damascus.·2024-11-21Al JazeeraICC issues arrest warrant for Netanyahu over Gaza war crimes allegations.·2024-11-05APDonald Trump wins second term; Republicans take both chambers of Congress.·2024-09-27ReutersIsraeli airstrike kills Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah in Beirut.·2024-09-17ReutersCoordinated pager attacks in Lebanon kill dozens and wound thousands attributed to Hezbollah.·2024-08-24FTPavel Durov arrested in France; Telegram free-speech and crime debate erupts.·2024-08-04ReutersOpenAI o1 'reasoning' model debuts; cost of intelligent compute keeps falling.·2024-07-13ReutersTrump shot at Pennsylvania rally; survives.·2024-05-30ReutersDonald Trump becomes first US former president convicted of a felony.·2024-04-13BBCIran launches its first-ever direct strike on Israel: 300+ missiles and drones.·2024-02-16ReutersAlexei Navalny dies in Russian Arctic penal colony.·2024-01-26APICJ orders Israel to prevent genocidal acts in Gaza; genocide case proceeds.·2024-01-09ReutersHouthi attacks on Red Sea shipping force major carriers to reroute around Africa.·2023-12-12ReutersCOP28 ends with first-ever call for the world to 'transition away from fossil fuels.'·2023-11-15UN OCHAGaza death toll passes 11,000; UN warns of famine and collapse of medical system.·2023-10-07ReutersHamas attacks southern Israel; 1,195 killed and 251 hostages taken.·2023-09-08CopernicusEarth surpasses 1.5°C above pre-industrial averaged over 12 months for the first time.·2023-08-23ReutersYevgeny Prigozhin killed in a plane crash north of Moscow.·2023-08-08APMaui wildfires destroy historic Lahaina and kill at least 100.·2023-06-23FTWagner Group mutiny; Prigozhin's column marches on Moscow, then turns back.·2023-05-05WHOWHO declares the end of the COVID-19 global health emergency.·2023-03-22WMOAtmospheric CO₂ breaks 420 ppm for the first time in 4 million years.·2023-02-06ReutersEarthquake in Türkiye and Syria kills more than 59,000.·2022-11-30ReutersOpenAI launches ChatGPT to the public; mass-market generative AI begins.·2022-10-27ReutersElon Musk completes Twitter takeover; mass layoffs and policy reversals follow.·2022-09-16GuardianMahsa Amini dies in Iranian custody; women-led protests sweep the country.·2022-09-08BBCQueen Elizabeth II dies after 70 years on the throne.·2022-08-31ReutersPakistan floods displace 33 million; a third of the country underwater.·2022-06-24NYTUS Supreme Court overturns Roe v. Wade, ending the constitutional right to abortion.·2022-05-24NYTGunman kills 19 children and 2 teachers at Robb Elementary in Uvalde, Texas.·2022-03-09APRussian shelling of a Mariupol maternity hospital draws global condemnation.·2022-02-24BBCRussia launches full-scale invasion of Ukraine; largest land war in Europe since 1945.·2021-11-30NatureOmicron variant detected in southern Africa; spreads globally within weeks.·2021-10-31Carbon BriefIPCC: world on a 2.7°C warming track even if every Paris pledge is met.·2021-08-15ReutersTaliban enter Kabul; Afghan government collapses within hours of US withdrawal.·2021-07-09BBCWestern Canada heat dome kills 600 in days; Lytton burns to the ground.·2021-07-01BBCHong Kong's Apple Daily forced to shut as Beijing tightens national-security law.·2021-03-23FTContainer ship Ever Given blocks the Suez Canal for six days, halting global trade.·2021-02-15Texas TribuneTexas power grid collapses in winter storm; hundreds die in their homes.·2021-01-06ReutersPro-Trump mob storms the US Capitol to block certification of the election; five dead.·2020-12-31WHOGlobal COVID-19 deaths pass 1.8 million in the pandemic's first year.·2020-11-07APBiden defeats Trump; Trump refuses to concede the election.·2020-09-09SF ChronicleCalifornia wildfire smoke turns the San Francisco sky a dystopian orange.·2020-08-04Al JazeeraBeirut port explosion kills more than 200 and flattens half the city.·2020-05-25NYTGeorge Floyd killed by Minneapolis police; protests sweep cities worldwide.·2020-03-11BBCWHO declares COVID-19 a pandemic; global lockdowns begin.·2020-01-30ReutersWHO declares novel coronavirus a global health emergency.·2026-05-20Carbon Brief12-month global temperature anomaly stays above 1.55°C for the third consecutive year.·2026-02-05FASNew START Treaty officially expires with no successor agreement; nuclear-arms-control architecture collapses.·2025-12-04ReutersEuropean far-right gains in multiple national elections; centrist coalitions struggle to form.·2025-11-12ReutersWhite-collar AI layoffs accelerate across legal, marketing, and customer-support sectors.·2025-10-30WHOWHO: adolescent mental-health diagnoses up sharply versus pre-pandemic baseline.·2025-09-15LancetLancet study: indirect death toll from Gaza war likely exceeds 186,000.·2025-07-22CopernicusEurope shatters multiple national heat records in July heatwave; 50°C hit in parts of the south.·2025-06-22CNNUS bombs Iranian nuclear facilities at Fordow, Natanz, and Isfahan during '12-day war.'·2025-06-13ReutersIsrael launches large-scale strikes on Iranian nuclear and command targets.·2025-04-30BBCIndia and Pakistan exchange strikes after Pahalgam attack in Kashmir.·2025-04-02ReutersTrump announces sweeping 'reciprocal' tariffs; global markets sell off hard.·2025-02-06ReutersTrump pauses most USAID funding; foreign-aid programs and partners scramble.·2025-01-20ReutersTrump returns to the White House; day-one executive orders on tariffs, deportations, climate, and TikTok.·2024-12-08ReutersBashar al-Assad regime falls in Syria after 53 years; rebels enter Damascus.·2024-11-21Al JazeeraICC issues arrest warrant for Netanyahu over Gaza war crimes allegations.·2024-11-05APDonald Trump wins second term; Republicans take both chambers of Congress.·2024-09-27ReutersIsraeli airstrike kills Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah in Beirut.·2024-09-17ReutersCoordinated pager attacks in Lebanon kill dozens and wound thousands attributed to Hezbollah.·2024-08-24FTPavel Durov arrested in France; Telegram free-speech and crime debate erupts.·2024-08-04ReutersOpenAI o1 'reasoning' model debuts; cost of intelligent compute keeps falling.·2024-07-13ReutersTrump shot at Pennsylvania rally; survives.·2024-05-30ReutersDonald Trump becomes first US former president convicted of a felony.·2024-04-13BBCIran launches its first-ever direct strike on Israel: 300+ missiles and drones.·2024-02-16ReutersAlexei Navalny dies in Russian Arctic penal colony.·2024-01-26APICJ orders Israel to prevent genocidal acts in Gaza; genocide case proceeds.·2024-01-09ReutersHouthi attacks on Red Sea shipping force major carriers to reroute around Africa.·2023-12-12ReutersCOP28 ends with first-ever call for the world to 'transition away from fossil fuels.'·2023-11-15UN OCHAGaza death toll passes 11,000; UN warns of famine and collapse of medical system.·2023-10-07ReutersHamas attacks southern Israel; 1,195 killed and 251 hostages taken.·2023-09-08CopernicusEarth surpasses 1.5°C above pre-industrial averaged over 12 months for the first time.·2023-08-23ReutersYevgeny Prigozhin killed in a plane crash north of Moscow.·2023-08-08APMaui wildfires destroy historic Lahaina and kill at least 100.·2023-06-23FTWagner Group mutiny; Prigozhin's column marches on Moscow, then turns back.·2023-05-05WHOWHO declares the end of the COVID-19 global health emergency.·2023-03-22WMOAtmospheric CO₂ breaks 420 ppm for the first time in 4 million years.·2023-02-06ReutersEarthquake in Türkiye and Syria kills more than 59,000.·2022-11-30ReutersOpenAI launches ChatGPT to the public; mass-market generative AI begins.·2022-10-27ReutersElon Musk completes Twitter takeover; mass layoffs and policy reversals follow.·2022-09-16GuardianMahsa Amini dies in Iranian custody; women-led protests sweep the country.·2022-09-08BBCQueen Elizabeth II dies after 70 years on the throne.·2022-08-31ReutersPakistan floods displace 33 million; a third of the country underwater.·2022-06-24NYTUS Supreme Court overturns Roe v. Wade, ending the constitutional right to abortion.·2022-05-24NYTGunman kills 19 children and 2 teachers at Robb Elementary in Uvalde, Texas.·2022-03-09APRussian shelling of a Mariupol maternity hospital draws global condemnation.·2022-02-24BBCRussia launches full-scale invasion of Ukraine; largest land war in Europe since 1945.·2021-11-30NatureOmicron variant detected in southern Africa; spreads globally within weeks.·2021-10-31Carbon BriefIPCC: world on a 2.7°C warming track even if every Paris pledge is met.·2021-08-15ReutersTaliban enter Kabul; Afghan government collapses within hours of US withdrawal.·2021-07-09BBCWestern Canada heat dome kills 600 in days; Lytton burns to the ground.·2021-07-01BBCHong Kong's Apple Daily forced to shut as Beijing tightens national-security law.·2021-03-23FTContainer ship Ever Given blocks the Suez Canal for six days, halting global trade.·2021-02-15Texas TribuneTexas power grid collapses in winter storm; hundreds die in their homes.·2021-01-06ReutersPro-Trump mob storms the US Capitol to block certification of the election; five dead.·2020-12-31WHOGlobal COVID-19 deaths pass 1.8 million in the pandemic's first year.·2020-11-07APBiden defeats Trump; Trump refuses to concede the election.·2020-09-09SF ChronicleCalifornia wildfire smoke turns the San Francisco sky a dystopian orange.·2020-08-04Al JazeeraBeirut port explosion kills more than 200 and flattens half the city.·2020-05-25NYTGeorge Floyd killed by Minneapolis police; protests sweep cities worldwide.·2020-03-11BBCWHO declares COVID-19 a pandemic; global lockdowns begin.·2020-01-30ReutersWHO declares novel coronavirus a global health emergency.·
DYING·HUMANITY / PILLAR / WAR

ALLIANCES HARDEN. BUDGETS RISE.
RHETORIC FOLLOWS.

The ten signals behind the index sit between 1914 and 1939 on the same scale. Russia–Ukraine is the largest European land war since 1945. Israel–Iran has crossed the precedent of direct exchange. PLA shipbuilding outpaces US Navy procurement. New START expires February 2026 with no successor.

T −18years·0days·00hrs:00min:00sec
CONCERNING· COMPOSITE 64/100
THE NUMBERS

Six figures behind the composite.

2.43
T
Global military spending, 2023
SIPRI: real-terms record. 6.8% year-on-year jump, the largest since 2009.
10
/10
Active armed conflicts signal
ACLED conflict tracker is at all-time-high event count.
9
/10
Bloc cohesion / hardening
NATO eastward, BRICS+ enlarged; a 'no-limits' partnership operational.
12K
Verified Ukrainian civilian deaths
UN OHCHR, severely undercounted. Actual figure substantially higher.
9
/10
Nuclear posture pressure
Russian doctrine lowered (2024); New START dies Feb 2026; PLA arsenal expanding.
8
/10
Info war and cyber intensity
Volt/Salt Typhoon class operations persistent; election-window influence ops at scale.
COMPOSITE

One 0-100 score.

025456582100
64
Composite Index
Concerning
CURRENT READING

Heuristic seed snapshot (will be replaced by daily-refresh GitHub Action). Composite index sits in the upper end of the 'Crisis' band: persistent active conflicts, hardened blocs, record arms spending, decaying arms-control architecture, and several active flashpoints. Lower than late-1939 readings primarily because no single major-power bilateral has crossed the ultimatum/general-mobilization threshold.

Concerning· composite 64/100
SIGNALS

What the score is measuring.

Active armed conflicts
Number and intensity of ongoing state-based armed conflicts worldwide.
weight 10% · sources: ACLED, UCDP, Crisis Group Tracker
Russia–Ukraine ongoing; Israel–Hezbollah/Houthis; Sudan civil war; Myanmar; multiple low-intensity insurgencies.
cit: ACLED conflict tracker · Crisis Group monthly bulletin
6.0
Major-power mobilization
Force posture changes, troop deployments, reserve call-ups by major powers.
weight 13% · sources: IISS Military Balance, open-source intel (OSINT) feeds
Russian rolling mobilization waves continue; NATO eastern flank reinforced; PLA naval pace exceeds USN shipbuilding.
cit: IISS Military Balance 2025
6.0
Bloc formation & cohesion
Hardening of opposing alliances (NATO, BRICS+, SCO); new defense pacts.
weight 10% · sources: alliance treaty texts, joint communiquésLLM-assisted
NATO solidified post-2022; BRICS+ enlarged; SCO summits regularised; no-limits partnership operational.
cit: NATO communiqués · BRICS Kazan declarations
7.0
Arms expenditure trend
Year-on-year change in global military spending; arms imports.
weight 8% · sources: SIPRI Military Expenditure, SIPRI Arms Transfers
Global military spending at post-Cold-War record (~USD 2.4T+).
cit: SIPRI Yearbook 2025
8.0
Trade decoupling & sanctions
Tariff escalation, sanctions regimes, export controls between major powers.
weight 8% · sources: OFAC / EU sanctions registries, WTO disputes, tariff filings
Tariff escalation US–China; expanded semiconductor export controls; Russia sanctions regime sustained.
cit: OFAC SDN list · BIS export control filings
7.0
Diplomatic breakdown
Treaty withdrawals, ambassador recalls, summit cancellations, arms-control collapses.
weight 10% · sources: state department releases, treaty depositary recordsLLM-assisted
INF dead since 2019; CFE moribund; New START expires Feb 2026 with no replacement; recurring ambassador downgrades.
cit: State Department arms control compliance reports
6.0
Nuclear posture
Doctrine changes, alert-level shifts, tests, explicit nuclear threats. (Modern only.)
weight 12% · sources: FAS Nuclear Notebook, official doctrine documentsLLM-assisted
Russian doctrine lowered (2024 update); UK/US tactical posture talk revived; China arsenal expansion; New START sunset.
cit: FAS Nuclear Notebook · Russian Federation Nuclear Doctrine 2024
6.0
Leadership rhetoric
Ultimatums, red-line statements, casus-belli framing from heads of state.
weight 10% · sources: official speeches, press conferences, state mediaLLM-assisted
Frequent public 'red line' framing; explicit Taiwan-reunification timetables; routinised nuclear references.
cit: state media archives
6.0
Militarized border incidents
Live-fire exchanges, airspace violations, naval confrontations short of war.
weight 10% · sources: ACLED, national defense ministries
Daily Russia–Ukraine; Taiwan ADIZ incursions; India–China LAC patrolling; Israel–Lebanon line of fire.
cit: ACLED border-incident dataset
6.0
Info-war & cyber intensity
State-attributed cyber operations and large-scale influence campaigns.
weight 9% · sources: CISA advisories, Mandiant / Microsoft / Google TAG reportsLLM-assisted
Persistent Volt/Salt Typhoon-class operations; Russia GRU continued ops; election-window influence campaigns.
cit: CISA advisories · Microsoft DCU / Mandiant threat reports
7.0
PERSPECTIVES

Several traditions reading the same data.

On the question of

Why are great-power conflicts back on the agenda after thirty years of being thought obsolete?

Why war returns
Western scientific
Realist international relations

Anarchy among states is the permanent condition; balance of power is the only stabiliser. The post-1991 unipolar moment was always going to end, and great-power competition with China and Russia is simply the system reverting to its long-run baseline. Predicting war by counting power transitions is the discipline's oldest move.

It is foolish to assume that great-power war is a problem of the past simply because the experience of one generation has not produced it.

John Mearsheimer, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics
Western scientific
Liberal institutionalism

Democracies trade with each other and very rarely fight each other. The institutions built after 1945 (UN, IMF, WTO, EU) made interstate war prohibitively costly for their members. The return of war is therefore a return of failed institutions, not a return of nature, and the fix is institutional repair.

G. John Ikenberry, A World Safe for Democracy
Critical
Peace and conflict studies

War is not natural; it is industrial, requiring weapons manufacturers, mobilised political consent, and a military-industrial complex with budget incentives to find threats. The 'return of war' is partly the return of arms-industry profits to centre stage and the policy capture they produce.

Stockholm International Peace Research Institute; Johan Galtung's structural-violence framework
Global South
Postcolonial / Non-Aligned reading

From Cairo, Delhi, or Pretoria, the binary of 'rules-based order versus authoritarian revisionists' looks like an attempt to draft the South into a Western quarrel. War is not 'back', it has been continuous in Yemen, Sudan, the DRC, Syria; what is new is that it now reaches countries the Western press notices.

We do not want a new Cold War, and we will not be a battlefield in one.

Statements by Modi, Lula, Ramaphosa; BRICS+ Kazan summit outcomes
Religious
Just-war and pacifist traditions

From Augustine through Aquinas, the just-war tradition tolerates war only under strict conditions (just cause, last resort, proportionality, immunity for non-combatants). The pacifist strand (Tolstoy, the historic peace churches, large parts of Buddhist thought) rejects even those. Both judge the current wars failing on multiple counts.

USCCB statements on Ukraine and Gaza; Mennonite Central Committee
Lived experience
Veteran and conscientious objector

From people who have been in wars: the political narratives are reliably the part that survives least. What does survive is the people who came back wrong, the maintenance cost on the people who didn't, and the gap between the speech that started the war and the bodies that ended it. Treat the speech accordingly.

Iraq Veterans Against the War; Tim O'Brien, The Things They Carried
HISTORICAL OVERLAY

The same signals applied to 1914 and 1939.

Run-up to World War I

1900 – 1914 · same 10-signal index, pre-nuclear & pre-cyber columns omitted
20 events · composite score 0–100
02545658210019001902190419061908191019121914Today · 64UK enters war (Belgium invasion)Germany declares war on RussiaRussian general mobilizationAustria declares war on Serbia
1900-06-2045Boxer Rebellion: Eight-Nation Alliance
1902-01-3038Anglo-Japanese Alliance
1904-02-0864Russo-Japanese War begins
1904-04-0853Entente Cordiale
1905-03-3157First Moroccan Crisis (Tangier)
1906-02-1048HMS Dreadnought launched
1907-08-3147Anglo-Russian Entente: Triple Entente complete
1908-10-0655Bosnian annexation crisis
1911-07-0163Agadir Crisis (Panther's leap)
1911-09-2965Italo-Turkish War (Libya)
1912-10-0872First Balkan War
1913-06-2972Second Balkan War
1913-07-0369German Army Bill
1914-06-2863Sarajevo assassination
1914-07-0570German 'blank cheque' to Austria
1914-07-2377Austrian ultimatum to Serbia
1914-07-2885Austria declares war on Serbia
1914-07-3088Russian general mobilization
1914-08-0198Germany declares war on Russia
1914-08-04100UK enters war (Belgium invasion)

Run-up to World War II

1919 – 1939 · same 10-signal index, pre-nuclear & pre-cyber columns omitted
21 events · composite score 0–100
02545658210019201922192419261928193019321934193619381940Today · 64UK & France declare war on GermanyGermany invades PolandMolotov–Ribbentrop PactGermany takes rest of Czechoslovakia
1919-06-2856Treaty of Versailles signed
1922-10-2843Mussolini's March on Rome
1923-01-1157Franco-Belgian occupation of the Ruhr
1925-12-0136Locarno Treaties
1929-10-2437Wall Street Crash
1931-09-1862Mukden Incident: Japan invades Manchuria
1933-01-3051Hitler appointed Chancellor
1933-10-1456Germany leaves League of Nations
1935-03-1665Germany reintroduces conscription
1935-10-0373Italy invades Ethiopia
1936-03-0770Rhineland remilitarization
1936-07-1773Spanish Civil War begins
1936-11-2574Anti-Comintern Pact (Germany–Japan)
1937-07-0780Marco Polo Bridge: Japan invades China
1938-03-1280Anschluss: annexation of Austria
1938-09-3080Munich Agreement (Sudetenland)
1939-03-1586Germany takes rest of Czechoslovakia
1939-05-2286Pact of Steel (Germany–Italy)
1939-08-2393Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
1939-09-0198Germany invades Poland
1939-09-03100UK & France declare war on Germany
FORECASTS

Probability by pair, horizon, and severity.

As of 2026-06-16 · subjective probabilities; track change over time, not the absolute number.
US – China

Taiwan-reunification rhetoric is on an explicit timetable; PLA shipbuilding outpaces USN; semiconductor decoupling removes a major peace-incentive; both sides retain off-ramps and economic interpenetration.

Within 12 months
limited
8.0%
major
2.0%
nuclear
0.30%
Within 5 years
limited
25.0%
major
8.0%
nuclear
1.5%
NATO – Russia

Active proxy war with NATO arming one side; Russian doctrine lowered the nuclear threshold; sub-threshold attacks on NATO soil already routine. Direct conventional contact is the most likely accidental escalation path on a short horizon.

Within 12 months
limited
12.0%
major
3.0%
nuclear
1.0%
Within 5 years
limited
28.0%
major
7.0%
nuclear
2.5%
Israel – Iran

Direct missile/drone exchanges already crossed the precedent threshold in 2024–25. Iran's nuclear program degraded but not eliminated; Israel's strike doctrine permits repeat raids; US backstop ambiguous.

Within 12 months
limited
35.0%
major
8.0%
nuclear
0.50%
Within 5 years
limited
65.0%
major
20.0%
nuclear
2.0%
India – Pakistan

Recurring Kashmir-triggered border crises; both sides have demonstrated cross-border strike doctrines; nuclear thresholds publicly low on the Pakistani side.

Within 12 months
limited
18.0%
major
3.0%
nuclear
0.50%
Within 5 years
limited
35.0%
major
8.0%
nuclear
2.0%
Korean Peninsula

DPRK ICBM and tactical-nuclear programs mature; sanctions enforcement degraded by Russia partnership; ROK political swings between engagement and hard deterrence.

Within 12 months
limited
8.0%
major
2.0%
nuclear
0.50%
Within 5 years
limited
18.0%
major
5.0%
nuclear
1.5%
SCENARIOS

De-escalation / status quo / escalation.

US – China

DE-ESCALATION
De-escalation

Resumed mil-to-mil channels, a Taiwan-Strait crisis-management agreement, and a partial rollback of the most acute export controls. Decoupling continues in critical tech but stops short of total bifurcation.

Triggers
  • · Successful Taiwan election cycle without PLA escalation
  • · Restoration of US-China defense hotline use during an incident
  • · Reciprocal export-control narrowing
Consequences
  • · Asia-Pacific arms races continue but at slower tempo
  • · Forecast 5y 'major' probability ~3%
  • · Index drops 5–8 points
STATUS QUO
Status quo drift

Continued gray-zone pressure on Taiwan and the South China Sea, more semiconductor controls, occasional Coast Guard ramming and ADIZ incursions. No bilateral break but no off-ramp either.

Triggers
  • · Routine PLA exercises around Taiwan continue at present cadence
  • · Annual tariff/export-control round-trip
  • · Two-track diplomacy on climate and fentanyl only
Consequences
  • · Index stable in upper-Crisis band
  • · Allied military buildup (Japan, Australia, Philippines) accelerates
  • · Increased probability of accidental incident becoming the trigger
ESCALATION
Escalation

PLA blockade or quarantine of Taiwan; US carrier movements challenged. Sub-week decision window; activation of mutual-defense treaties.

Triggers
  • · PLA exercise that converts to actual quarantine
  • · Lethal incident at sea with US/Japanese/Filipino casualties
  • · Taiwan declaration that crosses Beijing's stated red line
Consequences
  • · Index +20–30 within days
  • · Global semiconductor supply collapses
  • · Activation of US-Japan / US-Philippines treaty consultations
  • · Run on Asian financial centres

NATO – Russia

DE-ESCALATION
Negotiated freeze

Front lines frozen along current contact, no formal recognition; partial sanctions relief tied to verifiable troop withdrawals from specified zones; arms-control track restarts (sub-strategic).

Triggers
  • · Mutual exhaustion + leadership succession on one side
  • · Third-party (Türkiye / Gulf) brokered framework
  • · Visible Russian economy deterioration past tipping point
Consequences
  • · Index drops 8–12 points within months
  • · Refugee return begins
  • · NATO eastern flank posture remains elevated for years
STATUS QUO
Long war

Attritional war continues; sub-threshold attacks on NATO (sabotage, GPS spoofing, undersea cable cuts, suspicious fires) become routine and tolerated; arms-control architecture fully dies.

Triggers
  • · Continued Western military aid at current pace
  • · No succession event on either side
  • · New START expires without replacement (Feb 2026)
Consequences
  • · Index stable in upper-Crisis band
  • · European defence spending stays at 3%+ of GDP
  • · Nuclear-doctrine creep on both sides
ESCALATION
Direct NATO–Russia contact

Russian munition lands on NATO territory with casualties, or NATO interception of Russian aircraft over Allied airspace with losses. Article 4 invoked; Article 5 debated within hours.

Triggers
  • · Strike on Polish, Romanian, or Baltic infrastructure with casualties
  • · Belarusian incursion into Suwalki Gap
  • · Tactical nuclear demonstration in Ukraine
Consequences
  • · Index +25–35 within hours
  • · Full European mobilization
  • · Strategic-systems alert posture rises on both sides
  • · Tactical-nuclear use becomes thinkable on a weeks-horizon

Israel – Iran

DE-ESCALATION
Cold containment

Iran's program kept below weapons-grade by repeated standoff strikes and sanctions; no formal agreement, but no major direct exchange. Proxy war continues at lower intensity.

Triggers
  • · New IAEA access framework
  • · Internal Iranian succession that re-prioritises economy
  • · US re-engagement on a JCPOA-successor framework
Consequences
  • · Index drops modestly
  • · Saudi-Israeli normalisation completes
  • · Proxy fronts (Yemen, Iraq, Syria) continue but at lower tempo
STATUS QUO
Standoff strike cycle

Periodic direct missile/drone exchanges (2024–25 precedent), proxy attacks, and Israeli strikes on Iranian assets in Syria/Iraq/Lebanon. No declared war but an active sub-war state.

Triggers
  • · Continued Iranian enrichment near weapons-grade
  • · Houthi attacks on shipping resume
  • · Hezbollah rocket campaigns
Consequences
  • · Index stable in Crisis band on this pair's contribution
  • · Persistent shipping and energy risk premia
  • · Risk of miscalculation crossing into 'major' tier with each cycle
ESCALATION
Open regional war

Israeli strike on Iranian weapons-grade facility or leadership; Iranian large-scale missile retaliation including on Gulf states. US drawn in by force-protection requirement.

Triggers
  • · Confirmation of Iranian weapons-grade enrichment
  • · Direct attack on Israeli civilian infrastructure with mass casualties
  • · Iranian leadership decapitation strike
Consequences
  • · Oil to triple digits within hours
  • · US carrier strike group engagement
  • · Risk of Iranian breakout under fire (nuclear)
  • · Global recession risk

India – Pakistan

DE-ESCALATION
Quiet line

Ceasefire on the Line of Control holds; back-channel diplomacy on water and Kashmir continues; no major terror trigger.

Triggers
  • · No major attack inside India attributed to Pakistan-based groups
  • · Sustained ISI-RAW backchannel
Consequences
  • · Pair contribution to index drops
  • · Bilateral trade resumes modestly
STATUS QUO
Tense calm

Periodic LoC exchanges; political escalations over water sharing and Kashmir status; no full mobilization.

Triggers
  • · Annual rhetoric cycle around independence days
  • · Single-digit-casualty cross-border attacks
Consequences
  • · Index stable; structural risk persists
ESCALATION
Limited war

Mass-casualty attack inside India attributed to Pakistan-based group; Indian cross-border strike doctrine activated; Pakistani retaliation. 2019 Balakot precedent at larger scale.

Triggers
  • · >100-casualty attack on Indian civilians or military
  • · Indian leadership domestic-pressure constraint to act
Consequences
  • · Pair contribution +30 in days
  • · Public consideration of tactical nuclear use
  • · Strategic forces alerted on both sides

Korean Peninsula

DE-ESCALATION
Managed deterrence

Working-level talks resume; family-reunion-tier humanitarian channels; no provocations beyond test cycle.

Triggers
  • · ROK government engagement shift
  • · DPRK domestic priority pivot
  • · China leverages aid for restraint
Consequences
  • · Modest index drop on this pair
STATUS QUO
Test cycle

Routine missile tests, occasional artillery shots near Northern Limit Line; cyber and crypto-theft operations continue.

Triggers
  • · Sanctions enforcement remains degraded via Russia partnership
  • · DPRK arms exports to Russia continue
Consequences
  • · Index stable on this pair; longer-term arsenal expansion is the bigger story
ESCALATION
Border incident → war

Naval clash near NLL or DMZ artillery exchange with casualties; ROK proportional-response doctrine triggers escalation chain.

Triggers
  • · DPRK strike on ROK military installation
  • · Failed test landing near ROK or Japan
  • · Defector-related provocation
Consequences
  • · Index +20 in hours
  • · US-ROK Combined Forces Command activation
  • · Seoul artillery exposure means cost of escalation is immediate and catastrophic
TRUST

Sources, weights, and code are open.

Data provenance

Where every number comes from

The composite index is computed from the signals listed on this page, each backed by one or more named sources. Where the source publishes a public dataset or feed it is linked below; where a signal involves qualitative judgement, the LLM-assisted pass is explicitly marked on the signal card.

Audit trail

Everything is versioned

  • Every hourly snapshot is committed to git with a message naming the signals that moved.
  • A daily snapshot is archived to data/history-current/ for the calibration log.
  • Raw scraped article lists are written to data/raw/ so a score is reproducible from its input bundle.
  • Signal definitions, weights, and seeded scores all live in plain JSON or TypeScript; anyone can open a PR challenging a value and explain why.
What this is NOT
Not a prediction.
The composite index is descriptive. Subjective estimates are published openly so the track record becomes visible, not because the author believes them precisely calibrated today.
Not journalism.
Sources are listed but this is not original reporting. If the inputs feeding the LLM are wrong, the score is wrong. Triangulate with primary reporting before drawing conclusions.
Not impartial.
Signal definitions, weights, and historical scores reflect the author's reading. Bias is unavoidable in this kind of synthesis; the mitigation is that it's all explicit and challengeable signal by signal.
METHODOLOGY

How this pillar is scored.

Methodology & limits

Ten signals, each scored 0-10, weighted into a 0-100 composite. The score summarises pressure on the international system. It is not a probability of war. The conflict-pair forecasts are subjective and reissued daily; what they buy is a track record over time.

Pre-nuclear and pre-cyber events are scored on the eight signals that existed then. The composite is normalised over the included signals only, so a 1914 reading and a 2026 reading sit on the same scale within the limits of the data.

Historical events are hand-curated from secondary sources. Current readings are seeded by hand and overwritten hourly by a scheduled scrape plus an LLM-assisted classifier. Every snapshot is in git, so every revision is auditable.

Active armed conflicts
w 10%
Number and intensity of ongoing state-based armed conflicts worldwide.
sources: ACLED, UCDP, Crisis Group Tracker
Major-power mobilization
w 13%
Force posture changes, troop deployments, reserve call-ups by major powers.
sources: IISS Military Balance, open-source intel (OSINT) feeds
Bloc formation & cohesion
w 10%
Hardening of opposing alliances (NATO, BRICS+, SCO); new defense pacts.
sources: alliance treaty texts, joint communiqués · LLM-assisted
Arms expenditure trend
w 8%
Year-on-year change in global military spending; arms imports.
sources: SIPRI Military Expenditure, SIPRI Arms Transfers
Trade decoupling & sanctions
w 8%
Tariff escalation, sanctions regimes, export controls between major powers.
sources: OFAC / EU sanctions registries, WTO disputes, tariff filings
Diplomatic breakdown
w 10%
Treaty withdrawals, ambassador recalls, summit cancellations, arms-control collapses.
sources: state department releases, treaty depositary records · LLM-assisted
Nuclear posture
w 12%
Doctrine changes, alert-level shifts, tests, explicit nuclear threats. (Modern only.)
sources: FAS Nuclear Notebook, official doctrine documents · LLM-assisted
Leadership rhetoric
w 10%
Ultimatums, red-line statements, casus-belli framing from heads of state.
sources: official speeches, press conferences, state media · LLM-assisted
Militarized border incidents
w 10%
Live-fire exchanges, airspace violations, naval confrontations short of war.
sources: ACLED, national defense ministries
Info-war & cyber intensity
w 9%
State-attributed cyber operations and large-scale influence campaigns.
sources: CISA advisories, Mandiant / Microsoft / Google TAG reports · LLM-assisted
CROSS-REFERENCES · KEEP READING